Spinal deformity osteotomy correction is an effective method for treating severe spinal deformities. However, spinal deformi-ty correction surgery is difficult, risky, with many complications, especially neurological complications that often cause motor sensory disor-ders or even paralysis in the limbs. This is one of the main concerns of spinal surgeons, and perioperative preventive measures are very im-portant. This article reviews the risk factors for complications of spinal cord nerve injury in spinal deformity correction surgery, especiallythe application of preventive measures such as preoperative traction, electrophysiological monitoring, 3D printing, and artificial intelligenceapplications. It is suggested that spinal surgeons should attach great importance to the application of preventive measures in spinal deformi-ty osteotomy and correction surgery, in order to avoid and reduce complications of nerve injury.