Abstract: Objective To compare unilateral biportal endoscopy lumbar interbody fusion (UBE-LIF) and minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) in the treatment of single segment lumbar spondylolisthesis. Methods The clinical data of 83 patients who received surgical treatment for single-segment lumbar spondylolisthesis admitted to our hospital from March 2019 to March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the results of doctor-patient communication, 44 patients received UBE-LIF (UBE-LIF group) and 39 patients received MIS-TLIF (MIS-TLIF group). The perioperative period, follow-up and imaging data of the two groups were compared. Results All cases were successfully operated. In UBE-LIF group, intraoperative blood loss [(102.7±20.5) ml vs (132.3±16.8) ml, P < 0.05], fluoroscopy times [(3.5±1.3) vs (4.4±1.5) times, P < 0.05], bed duration [(1.4±0.4) d vs (1.7±0.5) d, P < 0.05] and the incidence of early complications (7.1% vs 26.8%) were significantly lower than those in MIF-TLIF group (P < 0.05). The pain visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) significantly decreased in both groups over time. Japanese orthopaedic association scores (JOA) increased significantly (P < 0.05). VAS and ODI in UBE-LIF group were significantly lower than those in MIF -TLIF group at 3 months after surgery. JOA score was significantly higher than that in MIF-TLIF group [(20.2±3.6) points vs (18.5±4.1) points, P < 0.05]. In terms of imaging, at the last follow-up, the vertebral height, lumbar lordosis Angle, Cobb Angle and lumbar spondylolisthesis rate of the two groups were significantly improved compared with those before surgery (P < 0.05), but there were no statistically significant differences in imaging indicators between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions UBE-LIF is similar to MIS-TLIF in the treatment of single segment lumbar spondylolisthesis, but UBE-LIF has obvious advantages in reducing surgical trauma, early complications and improving short-term lumbar function.