[Objective] To search the independent risk factors related to nerve injury in lumbar interbody fusion, and to provide a refer- ence for the prevention of the neurological complications. [Methods] A retrospective study was conducted on 418 patients who received pos- terior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) for lumbar degenerative diseases (LDDs) in our hos- pital from September 2015 to June 2020. The patients were divided into the impaired group and the non-impaired group according to wheth- er neurological damage was found after surgery. The independent risk factors of postoperative nerve damage were analyzed by univariate comparison and multi-factor binary logistic regression. [Results] Among the 418 patients, 28 patients (6.7%) had aggravated neurological injury symptoms after surgery, while the remaining 390 patients (93.3%) had no nerve damage symptoms occurred within 24 hours after op- eration. In term of univariate comparison, the patients in the impaired group had significantly higher BMI, significantly longer disease course, significantly higher rate of preoperative diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) or degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS), significantly heavier degree of slippage, significantly higher percentage of revision surgery, and significantly higher ratio of PLIF surgery compared with those in the non- impaired group (P＜0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding gender, age, number of slip segments, ASA grade, whether comorbidities with hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart dis- ease, as well as operation time, intraoperative blood loss, catheter indwelling time, hemoglobin and albumin level before and after surgery (P＞0.05). As results of logistic regression, the course of disease (OR=1.322, P＜0.001), BMI (OR=3.325, P=0.003), PLIF surgery (OR= 10.017, P=0.002), combined lumbar spondylolisthesis (OR=4.572, P=0.006), revision surgery (OR=6.182, P=0.008) were the independent risk factor related to neurological complications in lumbar interbody fusion. [Conclusion] The patients with long course of disease, obesity,PLIF surgery, lumbar spondylolisthesis and revision surgery are at higher risk of postoperative neurological complications, and targeted measures should be taken to reduce the occurrence of nerve injury.