Aseptic loosening (AL) is the main clinical complication of artificial joint replacement. Currently, it is believed that the main mechanism of the AL is related to the wear debris produced by the prosthetic components with the long-term mechanical and biological ef- fects, which regulate the immune environment of the bone-implant interface by inducing the change of the function of macrophages. In addi- tion, wear debris and inflammatory cytokines regulate the process of bone remodeling by stimulating osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and their pre- cursors, ultimately leading to increased bone resorption and the occurrence of AL. In this paper, literature review is conducted to provide ref- erence for clinicians.