Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is the most common and effective treatment for end-stage joint disease, but it is often associated with a series of complications. Aseptic loosening (AL) is a key factor leading to surgical failure and subsequent revision surgery, and a full understanding of the mechanism of AL is necessary for the development of an effective treatment program. Currently, it is believed that the main mechanism of AL is the activation of a series of inflammatory cells by wear particles to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, which leads to the disruption of the dynamic bone balance of the organism, thus triggering AL.In this article,we summarizes the current research status of AL, which is mainly classified into two categories: biological factors (wear particles, chemokines, autophagy, etc.) and mechanical factors (lower limb force lines, cement and implant design, and stress masking), and elaborates on the mechanisms of its occurrence and influencing factors, with a view to providing theoretical basis for the treatment and prevention of AL.