The mortality rate of chronic Q fever is high. However, the incidence of chronic Q fever in China is not high, and the clinical symptoms are not specific, the detection methods are not perfect, and the understanding of the disease is insufficient in clinical work, which leads to the high rate of clinical missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are particularly important. This article retrospectively analyzed the diagnosis and treatment process of a patient with chronic Q fever complicated with psoas abscess, to provide experience for the early diagnosis and treatment of chronic Q fever patients.