[Objective] To compare the efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PE-PLIF) and minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) in the treatment of grade 1 lumbar spondylolisthesis. [Methods] A retrospective study was conducted on 56 patients with grade 1 lumbar spondylolisthesis who underwent surgery from July 2018 to September 2019. Among them, 25 patients underwent PE-PLIF and 31 patients underwent MIS-TLIF. The perioperative, follow-up and imaging data of the two groups were compared. [Results] Compared with the MIS-TLIF group, the PE-PLIF group had significantly longer operation time, smaller working incision, less intraoperative and postoperative blood loss, shorter postoperative ambulation time and hospital stay (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups (P>0.05). The VAS score of low back and leg pain, and ODI score of the two groups were significantly improved after operation (P<0.05). The VAS score of low back pain of the PE-PLIF group was lower than that of the MIS-TLIF group at 3 days after operation (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between the two groups at the latest follow-up (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in VAS score of leg pain and ODI score between the two groups at each time point after operation (P>0.05). The lumbar lordosis (LL), slip angle (SA), slip percentage (SP) and disc height (DH) of the two groups were significantly improved after operation (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05). At the latest follow-up, there were no significant differences in fusion grade and cage subsidence rate between the two groups (P>0.05). [Conclusion] Compared with MIS-TLIF, PE-PLIF has longer operation time in the treatment of grade 1 lumbar spondylolisthesis, while it has smaller working incision, less intraoperative and postoperative blood loss, shorter postoperative ambulation time and hospital stay, and more obvious improvement of low back pain at early period after operation.