Objective To investigate the risk factors of Kümmell’s disease. Methods A total of 90 patients diagnosed as Kümmell’s disease from July 2009 to January 2019 were collected and 90 patients without Kümmell’s disease undergoing non-surgical treatment of compressible fractures of osteoporosis were retrospectively analyzed. Records of gender, age, body mass index (BMI), fracture vertebral segment and quantity, bone mineral density value, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stomach disease, respiratory disease, thyroid disease history, exposure to glucocorticoid, solitary living, smoking, drinking, drinking tea, using SPSS 26.0 for single factor and multiple factors analysis. Results Osteoporotic compression fractures tend to occur in the thoracolumbar segment of the spine. Single vertebral fractures are more likely to occur Kümmell’s disease than multiple vertebral fractures. Most of the vertebral segments are in T11, 12 and L1. Through a controlled study between the case group and the control group, it was found that severe osteoporosis (low bone mineral density value), thyroid disease, exposure to glucocorticoid, solitary living and high BMI may be risk factors of Kümmell’s disease, and anti-osteoporosis treatment is a protective factor for its onset. Logisti regression found that: Patients solitary living (OR=12.19), patients with glucocorticoid (OR=6.60), patients with a history of thyroid disease (OR=5.51), patients with high BMI (OR=3.48), patients with severe osteoporosis (bone mineral density value) (OR=2.81) have an increased risk of Kümmell’s disease, and patients receiving anti-osteoporosis treatment have a reduced risk of Kümmell’s disease (OR=0.09).Conclusion The risk factors of Kümmell’s disease were found to be severe osteoporosis (low bone mineral density value), thyroid disease history, exposure to glucocorticoid, solitary living and high BMI. Anti-osteoporosis treatment was a protective factor, excluding confounding factors such as outdoor activities, diabetes and smoking.