Scoliosis is a three-dimensional spinal deformity with multiple segments of the spine rotating and accompanied by lateral curvature. According to the different etiologies, it can be divided into idiopathic scoliosis, congenital scoliosis, neuromuscular scoliosis and other different types. Paravertebral myopathies have always been of great significance in the etiology of scoliosis, and the pathological changes of paravertebral muscles in different types of scoliosis have similarities and differences. Here, we reviewed the pathological studies of paravertebral muscles of the three types of scoliosis, emphasized the important value of pathological analysis of paravertebral muscle biopsy, and it has certain guiding significance for the accurate diagnosis of clinical scoliosis types and the exploration of the etiology of scoliosis.