Objective To study the expression and correlation analysis of serum high mobility group protein 1(HMGB1) and Transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) in patients with fracture and spinal cord injury. Methods 60 patients with spine fracture and spinal cord injury from January 2017 to June 2019, were selected as the observation group, 60 patients with simple spine fracture as the control group, and included into the healthy group who received physical examination in the outpatient department at the same time, the expression of serum HMGB1 and TGF-β1 in three groups and different American Spine Association (ASIA) scores in the observation group were compared, to analyze the significance of serum HMGB1 and TGF-β1 expression in patients with spinal fracture and spinal cord injury. Results At 1st day, the serum HMGB1 and TGF-β1 in the observation group and the control group were significantly higher than those in the healthy group(P＜0.05); at the 1st, 3rd and 7th day after injury, the serum HMGB1 and TGF-β1 in the observation group and the control group showed an upward trend, and began to decrease at the 14th day, the serum HMGB1 and TGF-β1 in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group at 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th day(P＜0.05); the results showed that among the 60 patients in the observation group, there were 11 patients with grade A of ASIA, 17 patients with grade B of ASIA, 25 patients with grade C of ASIA, 7 patients with grade D of ASIA, the results showed that the expression of HMGB1 and TGF-β1 were significantly higher with the increase of ASIA grade(P＜0.05); the Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between serum HMGB1 and TGF-β1(P＜0.05). Conclusion The serum HMGB1 and TGF-β1 were significantly higher in patients with spinal fracture and spinal cord injury than in patients without spinal cord injury, with the aggravation of spinal cord injury, the expression of serum HMGB1 and TGF-β1 increased gradually, and there was a significant positive correlation between serum HMGB1 and TGF-β1, which had a coordinated effect.