Abstract: Objective: To retrospectively analyze the clinical efficacy of antibiotic artificial bone implantation and decompression drainage in the treatment of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Methods: From June 2010 to October 2019, 37 children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis who underwent surgery were included in this study. 37 children were divided into two groups, 20 children (mean age: 10.9 years) treated with antibiotic artificial bone surgery, and 17 children (mean age: 11 years) treated with decompression and drainage surgery; comparing the two groups The cost of treatment, the length of hospital stay after surgery, the number of days of intubation, the number of days the body temperature returned to normal, and the sedimentation rate of white blood cells, C-reactive protein and red blood cells. Results: The postoperative hospital stay, intubation days, and body temperature recovery days in the antibiotic artificial bone group were significantly less than those in the decompression and drainage group. The difference was statistically significant (p﹤0.05), and there was no significant difference in treatment costs between the two groups (P > 0.05), the white blood cell, red blood cell sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in the antibiotic artificial bone group were significantly lower than that before treatment (p﹤0.05); the red blood cell sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in the decompression drainage group were Compared with before treatment, it was significantly reduced (p﹤0.05), but the treatment effect of antibiotic artificial bone group was better (p﹤0.05). Conclusion: Compared with decompression and drainage, the use of antibiotic artificial bone implantation in the treatment of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis can effectively reduce the treatment time and control infection, and can be further promoted in the clinic.