[Objective] To compare the efficacy and imaging results of minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) in adults with and without secondary scoliosis. [Methods] From January 2014 to December 2016, 78 patients who underwent MIS-TLIF surgery for single-segment LDH were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of secondary scoliosis: 32 patients in the scoliosis group and 46 patients in the non-scoliosis group. The perioperative indexes, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for low back pain and leg pain, and Oswestry Dysfunction Index (ODI) of the two groups were compared. For the scoliosis group, the coronal parameters before and after surgery were compared. The following parameters were compared between the two groups, including pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), lumbar lordosis (LL), difference between PI and LL(PI-LL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), and sagittal vertical axis(SVA). The correlation between the differences of imaging parameters and clinical variables were analyzed. [Results] There were no significant differences in the perioperative indexes between the two groups (P>0.05). The postoperative VAS and ODI scores were decreased compared with those before surgery (P<0.05). Preoperative PT, SVA, PI-LL were greater in the scoliosis group, and SS, LL, and TK were lower(P<0.05); PT and SS were significantly different between the two groups after surgery (P<0.05). Postoperative PT, SVA, PI-LL and coronal parameters in the scoliosis group were lower than those before surgery(P<0.05); the differences of VAS score for low back pain were positively correlated with the differences in PI-LL and the Cobb angle of the main curve (P<0.05), and were negatively correlated with LL differences(P<0.05); the differences of VAS score for leg pain were positively correlated with SVA differences (P<0.05); the ODI score differences were positively correlated with PI-LL differences (P<0.05). The SVA in the non-scoliosis group increased compared with that before surgery (P<0.05), and the differences of the VAS score for low back pain and ODI score were negatively correlated with SVA differences (P<0.05). [Conclusion] MIS-TLIF can achieve similar clinical outcomes in the treatment of adult LDH with and without secondary scoliosis; there are many differences in the imaging parameters of the scoliosis group and the non-scoliosis group before and after surgery; there were certain correlations between the changes in imaging parameters and clinical efficacy after surgery.