Objective: To explore the clinical effect of posterolateral bone graft fusion in the treatment of emergency traumatic lumbar spondylolisthesis. METHODS: Seventy patients with acute traumatic lumbar spondylolisthesis admitted to our hospital were enrolled in the study. They were divided into experimental group and control group according to the random number table method. Bone fusion (PLF), the experimental group used posterolateral bone graft fusion (PLIF), 35 cases in each group. The clinical efficacy and prognosis of the two groups were compared. Results: The excellent and good rate of the experimental group was 91.42%, and the excellent and good rate of the control group was 82.92%. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The experimental group (8.92±3.72) d was lower than the postoperative hospital stay (10.62±3.32) d, which was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in operation time, intraoperative blood loss and postoperative drainage(P>0.05). Before the operation, there was no significant difference between the two groups. After one year, all the indexes were improved. The improvement of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group. There was no significant difference in the preoperative VAS and ODI scores between the two groups. At 1 year after surgery, both indexes were improved, and the experimental group was significantly better than the control group. Conclusion: Both surgical methods can achieve better therapeutic effect. Compared with interbody fusion, the superior rate of postoperative lateral fusion is higher, maintaining intervertebral height, intercone hole area and There is a better effect in correcting the slip rate. Postoperative patients have better pain recovery and shorter postoperative hospital stay, which reduces the economic burden of the patient and is worthy of clinical promotion.