Osteoblasts are important stimulator cells and effector cells in bone tissue, which are involved in bone repair and reconstruction under various mechanical stimulation. Fluid shear stress is the most direct mechanical stimulation of human bone tissue. A large number of studies have shown that fluid shear stress can promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts by activating Wnt signal pathway, BMP-Smad dependent signal pathway or BMP- independent signal pathway. In recent years, more and more studies have found that fluid shear stress can also inhibit osteoblast apoptosis by activating ERK5 signaling pathway and PI3K/AKT kinase signaling pathway. This provides a new research direction for fluid shear stress to promote osteoblast proliferation. In this paper, the mechanism of fluid shear stress promoting osteoblast proliferation in recent years is reviewed in the hope of providing reference for the prevention and treatment of orthopedic diseases.