[Objective] To explore the clinical outcomes of thoracolumbar fracture treated by percutaneous polyaxial pedical screw internal fixation via injured vertebra. [Methods] 68 patients with thoracolumbar fracture without spinal nerves injury from January 2015 to December 2016 were randomly divided into two groups: observation group (polyaxial pedical screw internal fixation via injured vertebra，n = 35) and control group (polyaxial pedical screw internal fixation bypass injured vertebra，n = 33). There was no significant difference in age，gender，involved segments，fracture type and injury causes between 2 groups (P>0.05).The visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and radiographic measures，such as sagittal Cobb angle and ratio of anterior vertebral body height were compared among different time points. To evaluate the average correction and loss degrees of the sagittal Cobb angle and the anterior vertebral body height of the injured vertebrae between two groups. [Results] The patients were followed up 18-28 months (mean，22.52 ±2.13months) in observation group and 17-29 months (mean，21.23 ±2.35 months) in observation group. Incision healing at stage I was obtained，no related complications occurred of internal fixation. There were significant differences in the visual analogue scale (VAS) between at pre-operation and at 7 days and last follow-up in 2 groups (P<0.05).There was statistical difference between the VAS score observation group(0.57 ± 0.502) and the control group(1.27 ± 0.719) at last follow-up(P<0.05). Regarding to radiographic measures，there were significant differences in the sagittal Cobb angle and the anterior vertebral body height of the injured vertebrae at pre-operation and at 7 days and last follow-up in observation group (P<0.05).The average correction of the sagittal Cobb angle and the anterior vertebral body height of the injured vertebrae of observation group were significantly better than those of control group (P<0.05).The loss degrees of the sagittal Cobb angle and the anterior vertebral body height of the injured vertebrae of observation group were significantly less than those of control group (P<0.05). [Conclusion] For thoracolumbar fracture, percutaneous polyaxial pedical screw internal fixation via injured vertebra，which does significantly correct kyphosis, and effectively maintain injured vertebral height.The treatment effect of the polyaxial pedical screw internal fixation via injured vertebra is better than the polyaxial pedical screw internal fixation bypass injured vertebra.